History of the Classical Era of Ancient Greece

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Perspective
The Classical Era of ancient Greece existed in the 5th and 4th centuries BCE, from the fall of the last Athenian tyrant in 510 BC to the death of Alexander the Great in 323 BCE. It followed the Greek Dark Ages and Archaic period and was followed by the Hellenistic kingdoms created by Alexander. Ancient Greece gained increased freedom from the Persian Empire, and democratic Athens flourished at its the peak. But the Peloponnesian Wars and the expansion of Macedonia under Philip II kept Greece in turmoil. In terms of art, architecture, and culture, the Classical period corresponds to most of the 5th and 4th centuries BCE. Much of its early politics, artistry in architecture and sculpture, its scientific thought, its theatre and literature, and its philosophy was foundational for Western civilization, and went on to have a powerful influence on the later Roman Empire. The Classical era ended when Philip II unified the Greek world against the common enemy of the Persian Empire, which was conquered a few years later by Alexander.
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Index
Classical Era Index • Culture • Arts • Architecture: Acropolis • Attica • Temple of Zeus • Erechtheion • Lysippus of Sikyon • Mausoleum of Mausolus • Parthenon • Praxiteles • Skopas • Temples: Fourth Century • Fifth Century • Third Temple of Artemis | Reconstruction of Athens | Drama: Aeschylus: Plays | Aristophanes: Comic Drama • Plays • Radicals • Athenian Drama • Comedy • Dionysian Theatre: Acting • Audiences • Performances • Theaters | Euripides: The Philosopher • Plays A-E • Plays F – Z • Exile | Sophocles: Plays • Tragedy: Choruses | Prime Movers • Sources • Literature • Comedy • Historiography: Herodotus • Thucydides • Xenophon • Odes • Music • Dance • Instruments | Painting: Fourth Century • Polygnotus of Thasos | Philosophy • Early Philosophy: Aristotle: The Philosopher • The Teacher • The Statesman | Plato: The Academy • Beliefs • The Artist • The Lawmaker • The Metaphysicist • The Moralist • The Utopian | Socrates: The Philosopher • The Teacher • Death | Philosophy and Religion: Empedocles • Idealists • Materialists • Pythagoras • Sophism: Athens • Hippias of Elis • Protagoras • Legacy | Philosophy and Science: Archytas • Diocles • Eudoxus • Geography • Heraclides of Pontus | Pottery: Vases | Rhetoric: Athenian Orators • Isocrates: Discourses | Apex | Politicians | Sculpture: Fifth Century BCE and Older • Fourth Century | Science and Technology: Prime Movers • Astronomy: Anaxagoras | Earth Sciences | Mathematics: Arithmetic • Geometry • Medicine • Anatomy and Physiology • Hippocrates • Secular Medicine • Surgery

Classical Era: Index

Culture

Culture: Arts
Architecture

Architecture: Attica

Architecture: Erechtheion

Architecture: Lysippus of Sikyon

Architecture: Temples

Temples: Fifth Century BCE

Temples: Fourth Century BCE

Temples: Third Temple of Artemis
Drama

Culture: Drama

Aeschylus: Plays

Drama: Aristophanes

Aristophanes: Comic Drama

Aristophanes: Plays

Aristophanes: Radicals

Drama: Athenian Drama

Drama: Comedy

Dionysian Theatre: Acting

Dionysian Theatre: Audiences

Dionysian Theatre: Performances

Dionysian Theatre: Theaters

Drama: Euripides

Euripides: The Philosopher

Euripides: Plays A – E

Euripides: Plays F – Z

Euripides: Exile

Drama: Sophocles

Sophocles: Plays

Drama: Tragedy

Tragedy: Choruses

Tragedy: Prime Movers

Tragedy: Sources
Literature

Culture: Literature

Literature: Comedy

Literature: Historiography

Historiography: Herodotus

Historiography: Thucydides

Historiography: Xenophon
Music

Culture: Music

Music: Dance

Music: Instruments
Painting

Culture: Painting

Painting: Fourth Century BCE

Painting: Polygnotus of Thasos
Philosophy

Culture: Philosophy

Philosophy: Early

Aristotle: The Teacher

Philosophy: Plato

Plato: The Academy

Plato: Beliefs

Plato: The Artist

Plato: The Lawmaker

Plato: The Metaphysicist

Plato: The Moralist

Plato: The Utopian

Socrates: The Philosopher

Socrates: The Teacher

Socrates: Death

Philosophy: Philosophy and Religion

Philosophy and Religion: Idealists

Philosophy and Religion: Materialists

Philosophy and Religion: Pythagoras

Philosophy and Religion: Sophism

Sophism: Athens

Sophism: Hippias of Elis

Sophism: Protagoras

Sophism: Legacy

Philosophy and Science

Philosophy and Science: Archytas

Philosophy and Science: Diocles

Philosophy and Science: Geography

Philosophy and Science: Heraclides of Pontus
Pottery

Culture: Pottery

Pottery: Vases
Rhetoric

Culture: Rhetoric

Rhetoric: Athenian Orators

Rhetoric: Isocrates

Isocrates: Discourses

Rhetoric: Apex

Rhetoric: Politicians
Sculpture

Culture: Sculpture

Sculpture: Fifth Century BCE and Older

Sculpture: Fourth Century BCE
Science and Technology

Culture: Science and Technology

Science and Technology: Prime Movers

Science and Technology: Astronomy

Astronomy: Anaxagoras

Science and Technology: Earth Sciences

Science and Technology: Mathematics

Mathematics: Arithmetic

Medicine: Anatomy and Physiology

Medicine: Hippocrates

Medicine: Secular Medicine

Medicine: Surgery
