Pre-History

First Humans | Paleolithic Era | Neolithic Era

Click here to visit Neolithic Religion.

ANcient Egypt

Prehistoric Egypt | Society | Daily Life for Peasants and the Wealthy | Women | Beauty, Love, Status | Culture | Language | Learning | Philosophy | Literature | Sculpture | Architecture | Pyramids and Tombs | Alexandria | Religion and Religious Revolt | Deities | Sky Gods | Sun Gods | Sacred Plants | Animal Gods | Economy | Agriculture | Labor | Credit | Engineering | Industry | Old Kingdom | Middle Kingdom | New Kingdom | Empire, and More.

Click here to visit Architectural Sites of Ancient Egypt.

Ancient Near East

​Society | Culture | Economy | Akkad | Armenia | Assyria | Babylonia | Hittite Empire | Islam | Judea | Lydia | Mesopotamia |Palestine | Phoenicia | Scythia | Sumer | Syria… and More.

Click here to visit Early Islamic Science and Technology.

Ancient Persia

​Culture | Art | Architecture | Science and Technology | Language | Persian Empire | Media | Achaemenids | Governance | Kingship and Satrapies Law | Military | Safavids | Zands | Religion | Zoroaster and Zoroastrianism | Economy | Agriculture | Infrastructure… and More.

Click here to visit Zoroastrianism in Ancient Persia.

Ottoman Empire

Society | Culture | Architecture | Tulip Period | Timurid Empire | Suleiman the Great | Koprolu Viziers | Decline | Crisis | Relations with Europe in the 18th and 19th Centuries | Abdul Hamid II | Modernization | Ottoman Provinces of Egypt, North Africa, and Morocco… and More.

Click here to visit Suleiman the Magnificent.

JUDAISM

Ancient Judea | People of Abraham | People of the Book | Society | Culture | Literature | Religion | Judaism | Islam | Christianity | Temple of Jerusalem | Texts | Hebrew Bible | Prophets | Mosaic Code | Power | Babylonian Captivity | Jerusalem | Reform | Hellenistic Judea | Antiochus | Maccabees | Judea in the Roman Empire | Rebellion | Dispersion | Holocaust | Israel | Economy… and More.

Click here to visit Marriage in Ancient Judea.

Modern Middle East

​Power | The Great Game | Political Development | Ideology and Interaction | World War I | Arab-Israeli Conflict | Afghanistan | Algeria | Egypt | Iran | Iraq | Israel | Jordan | Lebanon | Pakistan | Palestine | Saudi Arabia | Syria | Turkey… and More. 

Click here to visit Iran and the Great Game

China

​Ancient China | Society | Culture | Religion | Xia Dynasty | Shang Dynasty | Zhou Dynasty | Confucianism | Taoism | Legalism | Buddhism | Warring States | Qin Dynasty | Han Dynasty | Jin and Northern Wei Dynasties | Sui Dynasty | T’ang Dynasty | Song Dynasty | Mongols | Yuan Dynasty | Ming Dynasty | Qing Dynasty | Republic | Modern China | Hong Kong and Taiwan… and More.

Click here to visit Emperor Qin Shihuangdi.

Japan

​Classical Period | Society | Culture | Religion | Nara Period | Heian Period | Kamakura Period | Muromachi Period | Warring States | Edo Period | Meiji Period | Taisho Period Militarism | Occupation | Modern Japan… and More.

Click here to visit The Floating World of Old Edo.

Korea

​Ancient Korea | Gojoseon Kingdom | Goryeo Dynasty | Three Kingdoms Period | Joseon Dynasty | Modern Korea (North and South) … and More.

Click here to visit Japanese Colonization of Korea.

India

​Ancient India | Society | Culture | Economy | Religions of India | Buddhism | Hinduism | Jainism | Sikhism | Indus Valley Civilization | Early and Late Vedic Ages | Chola Dynasty | Kushan Empire | Maurya Empire | Gupta Empire | Delhi Sultanate | Mughal Empire | The Raj | Modern India | Bangladesh | Pakistan… and More. 

Click here to visit Court Culture of India’s Mughals.

Southeast Asia

​Early Southeast Asia | Khmer Empire |  Laos |  Majapahit Empire | Maritime States | Siam | Vietnam | Colonial Southeast Asia | Burma | Dutch East Indies | Malacca | Philippines | Vietnam |  Modern Southeast Asia | De-Colonization | Cambodia | Indonesia | Laos | Malaysia | Myanmar | Philippines | Singapore | Thailand | Vietnam… and More.

Click here to visit The Dutch East Indies.

Ancient Greece

​Society | Culture | Religion | Power | Economy | Mycenae | Migration | Minoan Crete | Archaic Era | Heroic Age | Classical Era | Golden Age | Pericles | Second Athenian Empire | Hellenistic Kingdoms… and More.

Click here to visit Culture of Classical Greece.

Ancient Rome

Early Italy | Society | Culture | Religion | Power | Economy | Etruscans | Early Republic | Late Republic | Empire | Provinces | Barbarians | Byzantine Empire… and More. 

Click here to visit Roman Emperor Marcus Aurelius.

Byzantine Empire

Society | Culture | Literature | Religion | Iconoclasm | Justinian | Balkans | Greek Phase | Latin Phase | Russia | Invasions | Economy… and More.

Click here to visit Justinian and the Byzantine Empire.

History of Christianity

​Culture and Literature of Early Christianity | Doctrine | Ritual | Moral Code | Sacraments | Apostles | Disciples | Early Church | Origins | Organization | Bishops | Church Fathers | Creeds | Gospels | Jesus of Nazareth | Monasticism | Spread | Persecution | Triumph | Scholarship… and More.

Click here to visit Sacraments in Early Christianity.

Late Antiquity

​Society | Culture | Power | Law | Christianity | Authority | Doctrine | Monasticism | Proselytizing | Structure… and More.

Click here to visit Late Antiquity.

Middle Ages

​Early Middle Ages | Merovingian Dynasty | Carolingian Empire | High Middle Ages | Culture | Architecture | Gothic and Romanesque Cathedrals | Law | Learning | Literature | Philosophy | Science and Technology | Economy | Capetian Dynasty | Holy Roman Empire | Hohenstaufen Dynasty | Northern and Central Europe | Russia | Spain | Late Middle Ages |Society | Religion | Plague | England | France | Germany | Holy Roman Empire (continued) | Spain… and More.

Click here to visit Gothic Cathedrals.

Renaissance

​Society | Culture | Religion | Power | Economy | Early Renaissance: Culture, Art, Music | High Renaissance | Art | Architecture | Philosophy | Northern Renaissance | Art | Drama | Literature | Philosophy | Science and Technology | Central Europe | England | France | Italy | Art | Mannerism | Learning | Hermeticism | Humanism | Scholarship | Science and Technology | Sculpture | Religion | Power | Machiavelli | Spain… and More.  

Click here to visit Art of the Northern Renaissance.

Reformation

​Martin Luther | Society | Culture | Catholic Reformation | Monasticism | Papacy | Society of Jesus | Central Europe | France | Netherlands | Spain… and More.

Click here to visit Society of Jesus in the Reformation.

Global Empires

​Spain | New World | Philippines | Portugal | Brazil | Malacca | Scramble for Africa | Belgian Congo | Britain | Africa | Southern Africa | Australia | New Zealand | India | Kenya | Burma | France: New France | North Africa | Indochina | Netherlands | Southern Africa | East Indies… and More.

Click here to visit Colonization of New Zealand.

Scientific Revolution

​Scientific Method | Philosophy | Newton | Descartes | Spinoza | Pascal | Astronomy | Brahe | Copernicus | Galileo | Kepler | Inventions | Medicine | Spread… and More.

Click here to visit Sir Isaac Newton and the Scientific Revolution.

17th-Century West

​Society | Crisis | Population | Revolt | Witchcraft | Baroque | Rococo | Mannerism | Literature | Music | Thirty Years’ War | Economy | Austria | Central Europe | England | English Civil War | Charles I | Long Parliament | Glorious Revolution | France | Culture | Art | Drama | Iberia | Italy | Netherlands | Poland | Russia | Scandinavia… and More.

Click here to visit Witchcraft in 17th Century Europe.

18th-Century west

​Society | Communities | Family | Class | Power | Governance, Military, Conflict | Economy | Austria | Central Europe | England | France | Iberia | Netherlands | Russia | Peter the Great | Catherine the Great | Scandinavia… and More.

Click here to visit Russia’s Peter the Great.

The Enlightenment

​Architecture | Art | Learning | Music | Classical Period | Bach | Handel | Mozart | Haydn | Philosophy | Faith or Reason | Age of Reason | Old Regime | English and Dutch Phases | Later Enlightenment | Radical Enlightenment | Women | Philosophes | Physiocrats | Adam Smith | Popular Culture | Scholarship | Science and Technology | Medicine | Religion | Law | Reform… and More.

Click here to visit Philosophes of the Enlightenment.

French Revolution

Society | Culture | American Revolution | Governance | New Structure } Prelude | Domestic Phase | Moderate Phase | Revolutionary Phase | Jacobin Republic | Old Regime | Catholic Church | Declaration of the Rights of Women | National Convention | Committee of Public Safety | Republic of Virtue | Thermidorean Reaction | Napoleon | Rise | Reform | Wars | Empire | Fall… and More. 

Click here to visit Napoleon’s Reforms.

Industrial Revolution

​Society | Class | Communities | Culture | New Technology | Chemistry | Evolution | Medicine | Physics | Religion | Politics | Labor Movement | Trade Unions | Working Conditions | Living Standards | Second Industrial Revolution | Industries | Products | Results | Spread | Global Dominance… and More. 

Click here to visit Inventions of the Industrial Revolution.

The west 1800-1850

​Society | Crime, Women | Culture: Realism, Romanticism | Music | Beethoven and the Romantics | Religion | Power | Congress of Vienna | Revolutions of 1848 | Austrian Empire | Central Europe | England | France | Greece | Italy | Russia | Spain 

Click here to visit Crime in Early 19th-Century Europe.

The west 1850-1871

​Culture| Art | Literature | Music | Science and Technology | Medicine | Power | Ideology | Economy | Austria | Canada | England | Power | France | Power | Germany | Power | Polities | War | Italy | Power | Unification | Russia | Power… and More. 

Click here to visit Unification of Italy.

The west 1871-1894

​Society | Cities | Family | Leisure | Migration | Class, Women | Culture | Learning | Politics | Economy | Labor | Markets | Austria-Hungary | Society | Power | England | Dominions | Governance | Issues | France | Power | Germany | Power | Italy | Power | Russia | Spain… and More.

Click here to visit Team Sports in Late 19th-Century Europe.

the west 1894-1914

​Society: Women | Culture | Art | Impressionism | Post-Impressionism | Literature | Naturalism | Symbolism | Russian Literature | Music | Philosophy | Darwin, Freud | Science and Technology | Religion | Politics… and More.

Click here to visit Expressionism.

Russia

​Russia and the Mongols | Russia and the Byzantine Empire | Russia in the Middle Ages | 17th Century | 18th Century | Peter the Great | Bureaucracy | Military | Modernization | Catherine the Great | Russian Revolution | Bolsheviks | Lenin | Civil War | First Spontaneous Revolution | Soviet Union | Stalin | Background | Terror | Society | Economy | Cold War | Cuba | Proxy Wars  | Khrushchev | Brezhnev | Gorbachev | Modern Russia… and More.

Click here to visit Russia in the Middle Ages.

The great war

​Overview | Background | Outbreak | Peace

Click here to visit Background of the Great War.

Inter-War Years

​Society | Great Depression in Europe | Culture | Architecture | Art | Literature | Music | Philosophy | Popular Culture | Science and Technology | Politics | Ideology | Britain | France | Eastern Europe | England | United States | Weimar Republic | Nazi Germany | Rise of Hitler | Elections of 1933 | Reorganization | Italy | Fascism | Mussolini | Portugal | Scandinavia | Soviet Union| Stalin | Economy | Spain | Spanish Civil War… and More.

Click here to visit Great Depression in Europe.

World war II

​Prelude | Diplomatic Revolution | Germany | Nazi Empire | Economic Exploitation, Role of Hitler | Holocaust | Anti-Semitism | SS and the Einsatzgruppen | Gypsy Holocaust | Death Camps | Japan | Poland | Soviet Union | Homefront | United States | Aggression | Germany | Japan | A New Kind of War | Total War | Grand Alliance | Britain | France | Early Axis Victories | Early Allied Victories | Allied Invasion of Europe | Defeat of the Third Reich | Defeat of Japan… and More.

Click here to visit Homefront in the Soviet Union.

Cold War

​Overview | Prelude | Yalta Conference | Intensifying Differences | Postwar Problems | Emergence of the Cold War | Venues | Eastern Europe | Korea | Vietnam | Marshall Plan… and More

Click here to visit Venues of the Cold War.

Modern Europe

​Overview | Albania | Britain | Overview | Society | Power | Bulgaria | Canada | Czech Republic | France | Germany | Greece | Hungary | Italy | Poland | Portugal | Romania | Russia | Soviet Union | Russian Revolution | Stalin, Khrushchev | Brezhnev | Gorbachev | Cold War | Cuba | Proxy Wars | Spain | Yugoslavia… and More.

Click here to visit Mikhael Gorbachev.

Early United States

​North American Colonies | Revolution | 1782 – 1800 | Constitution | 1800 – 1815 1815 – 1830 | 1830 – 1850 | 1850 – 1860 | Civil War | Reconstruction | Slavery | Native Americans | Women… and More. 

Click here to visit Reconstruction.

Modern United States

Gilded Age | 1900 – 1920 | Roaring Twenties | Great Depression | World War II | Cold War | 1945 – 1960 | 1960 – 1973 | 1973 – 2000 | 2000 – Present | Civil Rights Movement | Native Americans | Women… and More. 

Click here to visit the Great Depression.

African American History

​Slave Trade | Slavery in America | Sectionalism | Abolitionism | Civil War and Reconstruction | New South | Civil Rights Movement… and More.

Click here to visit Civil Rights Movement 1960 – 1973.

Early Africa

​Society | Communities | Environment | Migration | Central Africa | Kongo | East Africa | Swahili City-States, Economy | Kush | Punt | Ethiopia | Great Zimbabwe | West Africa | Hausa States | Benin | Ife | Oyo | Sudanic Kingdoms | Mali | Ghana | Songhai… and More.

Click here to visit Kingdom of Benin.

Colonial Africa

​Slavery | Scramble for Africa | Society: European Primacy | Change | Religion | Christianity | Spirit Churches | Islam | Ethiopia | Economic and Social Change | Power | Pre-World War I | World War II | Colonies | East Africa | Independence… and More.  

Click here to visit Shaka Zulu.

Modern Africa

​Society | Culture | Politics | Nationalism | Independence | Economy | Challenges | Central Africa | Angola | Rwanda | Zaire | East Africa | Ethiopia | Somalia | Southern Africa | Namibia | South Africa | Zimbabwe | West Africa | Ghana | Nigeria… and More.

Click here to visit Modern Rwanda.

Early Americas

​Society | Power | Amerindians | Inca | Olmec | Toltec | Maya | Aztec… and More.

Click here to visit The Toltec.

Colonial Latin America

​Conquest | Conquistadors | European Colonization | Spanish Colonial Rule | Society | Economy | Revolution | Argentina | Brazil | Haiti | Mexico | Mexican Revolution | West Indies… and More.

Click here to visit The Conquistadores.

Modern Latin America

​Society | Population | Women | Politics | Foreign Affairs | Governance | Economy | Growth | Policy | Trade | Argentina | Belize | Bolivia | Brazil | Caribbean | Central America | Chile | Colombia | Cuba | Castro | Dominican Republic | El Salvador | Guatemala | Haiti | Jamaica |  Mexico | Politics | Economy | Nicaragua | Paraguay | Peru | Uruguay… and More.

Click here to visit Women in Modern Latin America.

Australia and New Zealand

​Early Pacific | Exploration | Australia | Explorers, Aborigines | Colonization and Settlement | New Zealand | Origins | Maori | Explorers | European Settlement | Treaty of Waitangi | British Sovereignty | Colonial Period

Click here to visit Australia’s Aborigines.

Hawai’i

​Ancient Hawai’i | Society | Origins | Ahupua’a | Konohiki | Culture | Religion | Power |  Early Hawai’i | Captain Cook | Kingdom of Hawai’i | Kamehameha I | Kamehameha II | Kalakaua | Bayonet Constitution | Lili’uokalani | Wilcox Rebellion | Overthrow | Modern Hawai’i | Politics, Sovereignty Movement… and More.

Click here to visit the History and Traditions of Hawai’i.

Pacific Islands

Early Pacific | Exploration | Australia | Explorers | Aborigines | Settlement | Colonization | New Zealand | Explorers | Maori | Settlement | Treaty of Waitangi | British Colonial Period | Melanesia | Fiji | Marshall Islands | New Caledonia | Papua New Guinea | Solomon Islands | Vanuatu | Micronesia | Polynesia | Cook Islands | Marquesas Islands | Samoa | Tahiti | Tokelau | Tonga | Tuamotu | Tuvalu

Click here to visit Papua New Guinea

ethical philosophy

Ancient Greece | Ancient Rome | Hellenistic Kingdoms | China | Christianity | Judaism

Click here to visit Plato the Moralist