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History of the Ancient Near East

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Perspective

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The history of the Ancient Near East is not of one civilization, but of many. Among these are the lesser known civilizations of Armenia, the Hittites, the Lydians, and Phrygians. Then there was Phoenicia, a nation of traders who brought the beginnings of our alphabet to Greece. And there was Sumer, which gave us writing. Brutish Assyria gave the Near East a legacy of brutality. But Babylonia’s King Hammurabi gave us a comprehensive body of law that anticipated many of the precepts of Western law.

While Hammurabi’s Code provided the beginnings of the Western legal tradition, Islam answered to the call of the Prophet Muhammed, and it grew to become an empire that stretched from Spain to Samarkand. Nowhere is the glory of Islam more evident than in its mosques (though the iconic Hagia Sophia in Istanbul was actually a creation of the Roman emperor Justinian). What’s more, Islam’s scientific genius enabled great advances in medicine and optics. And, its literary and philosophical ethos kept alive the giants of Western philosophy while Europe slumbered through its Dark Ages. Fro this, the empire of Islam gave rise to the ponderous Ottoman Empire that would bring Suleiman the Great to the gates of Vienna, and endure until the end of World War I.

Judea gave us Jerusalem, the locus of each of the region’s main religions of Islam, Judaism, and Christianity (whose adherents once shared the city in relative peace and harmony). As a province of the Roman Empire, Judea became troublesome and it rebelled against Rome, leading to the destruction of Jerusalem’s magnificent Temple. Jesus of Nazareth would prove no less nettlesome to Rome.

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Sample Map

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Here’s a look…

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Index

Near East: Index | Society | Culture | Economy | Armenia | Akkad |
Assyria: Society • Cities • Class • Culture • Religion • Power • Bureaucracy • Governance • Law • Military • Economy • Agriculture • Industry • Trade | Babylonia: Society • Culture • Architecture • Art • Language • Literature • Music • Science and Technology • Religion • Deities • Funerary Customs • Magic • Magic and the Evil Eye • Myth • Creation Myth • Personal Religion • Temples • Temple Wealth • Power • Invasion • Code of Hammurabi: Justice • Laws • Commerce • Marriage and Family • Economy • Agriculture • Business Documents • Construction • Finance • Labor • Mining • Trade • Transport | Hittite Empire: Society • Culture • Power | Islam: Culture • Philosophy • Science and Technology • Pre-Islamic Religion • Power: Rise • Governance • Abbasid Caliphate • Decline • Umayyad Caliphate | Judea: Society • Origins • People of Abraham • Women • Sexuality • Marriage • Family • Hellenistic Judea: Culture • Literature • Religion • Judaism: People of the Book • Genesis • Prophets • Jeremiah • Isaiah • Mosaic Code • Jerusalem • Temple of Jerusalem • Texts • Hebrew Bible • Power • Babylonian Captivity • Reform • Economy | Lydia: Culture • Power | Mesopotamia: Society: Adornment • Family • Food • Morals • Women • Culture: Architecture: Temples | Education • Astronomy • Mathematics • Medicine • Economy • Nations | Palestine: Society | Phoenicia: Society • Communities • Culture • Religion • Economy • Industry • Trade | Phrygia: Religion | Scythia | Sumer: Society • Cities: Features • First Cities • Dress • People • Class • Culture: Architecture • Learning • Literature • Science and Technology • Spread • Writing • Legacy • Religion: Beliefs • Deities • Temples • Power • Governance • Economy: Agriculture • Trade • Wealth | Syria

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History of the Ancient Near East

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Armenia

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Akkad

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Assyria

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Babylonia

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Hittite Empire

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Islam

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Judea

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Lydia

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Mesopotamia

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Palestine

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Phoenicia

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Phrygia

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Scythia

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Sumer

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Syria

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Samples

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