History of the Ancient Near East

mind maps of history: early Islamic science and technology

History of the Ancient Near East



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Perspective


The history of the Ancient Near East is not of one civilization, but of many. Among these are the lesser known civilizations of Armenia, the Hittites, the Lydians, and Phrygians. Then there was Phoenicia, a nation of traders who brought the beginnings of our alphabet to Greece. And there was Sumer, which gave us writing. Brutish Assyria gave the Near East a legacy of brutality. But Babylonia’s King Hammurabi gave us a comprehensive body of law that anticipated many of the precepts of Western law.

While Hammurabi’s Code provided the beginnings of the Western legal tradition, Islam answered to the call of the Prophet Muhammed, and it grew to become an empire that stretched from Spain to Samarkand. Nowhere is the glory of Islam more evident than in its mosques (though the iconic Hagia Sophia in Istanbul was actually a creation of the Roman emperor Justinian). What’s more, Islam’s scientific genius enabled great advances in medicine and optics. And, its literary and philosophical ethos kept alive the giants of Western philosophy while Europe slumbered through its Dark Ages. Fro this, the empire of Islam gave rise to the ponderous Ottoman Empire that would bring Suleiman the Great to the gates of Vienna, and endure until the end of World War I.

Judea gave us Jerusalem, the locus of each of the region’s main religions of Islam, Judaism, and Christianity (whose adherents once shared the city in relative peace and harmony). As a province of the Roman Empire, Judea became troublesome and it rebelled against Rome, leading to the destruction of Jerusalem’s magnificent Temple. Jesus of Nazareth would prove no less nettlesome to Rome.


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Index

Near East: Index | Society | Culture | Economy | Armenia | Akkad |
Assyria: SocietyCitiesClassCultureReligionPowerBureaucracyGovernanceLawMilitaryEconomyAgricultureIndustryTrade | Babylonia: SocietyCultureArchitectureArtLanguageLiteratureMusicScience and TechnologyReligionDeitiesFunerary CustomsMagicMagic and the Evil EyeMythCreation MythPersonal ReligionTemplesTemple WealthPowerInvasionCode of Hammurabi: JusticeLawsCommerceMarriage and FamilyEconomyAgricultureBusiness DocumentsConstructionFinanceLaborMiningTradeTransport | Hittite Empire: SocietyCulturePower | Islam: CulturePhilosophyScience and TechnologyPre-Islamic ReligionPower: RiseGovernanceAbbasid CaliphateDeclineUmayyad Caliphate | Judea: SocietyOriginsPeople of AbrahamWomenSexualityMarriageFamilyHellenistic Judea: CultureLiteratureReligionJudaism: People of the Book GenesisProphetsJeremiahIsaiahMosaic CodeJerusalemTemple of JerusalemTextsHebrew BiblePowerBabylonian CaptivityReformEconomy | Lydia: CulturePower | Mesopotamia: Society: AdornmentFamilyFoodMoralsWomenCulture: Architecture: Temples | EducationAstronomyMathematicsMedicineEconomyNations | Palestine: Society | Phoenicia: SocietyCommunitiesCultureReligionEconomyIndustryTrade | Phrygia: Religion | Scythia | Sumer: SocietyCities: FeaturesFirst CitiesDressPeopleClassCulture: ArchitectureLearningLiteratureScience and TechnologySpreadWritingLegacyReligion: BeliefsDeitiesTemplesPowerGovernanceEconomy: AgricultureTradeWealth | Syria


History of the Ancient Near East


Ancient Near East: Index

Society

Culture

Economy


Armenia


Armenia


Akkad


Akkad

Up to Index


Assyria


Assyria: Index

Society

Society: Cities

Society: Class

Culture

Religion

Up to Index

Power

Power: Bureaucracy

Power: Governance

Power: Law

Power: Military

Economy

Economy: Agriculture

Economy: Industry

Economy: Trade

Up to Index


Babylonia


Babylonia: Index

Society

Culture

Culture: Architecture

Culture: Art

Up to Index

Culture: Language

Culture: Literature

Culture: Music

Culture: Science and Technology

Religion

Religion: Deities

Up to Index

Religion: Funerary Customs

Magic

Magic and the Evil Eye

Religion: Myth

Myth: Creation

Religion: Personal Religion

Up to Index

Religion: Temples

Temples: Wealth

Power

Power: Invasion

Law: Code of Hammurabi

Code of Hammurabi: Justice

Up to Index

Code of Hammurabi: Laws

Code of Hammurabi: Commerce

Code of Hammurabi: Marriage and Family

Economy

Economy: Agriculture

Economy: Business Documents

Up to Index

Economy: Construction

Economy: Finance

Economy: Labor

Economy: Mining

Economy: Trade

Economy: Transport

Up to Index


Hittite Empire


Hittite Empire: Index

Society

Culture

Power

Up to Index


Islam


Islam: Index

Culture

Philosophy

Science and Technology

Religion: Pre-Islamic Religion

Power

Up to Index

Power: Rise of Islam

Power: Governance

Power: Abbasid Caliphate

Abbasid Caliphate: Decline

Umayyad Caliphate


Judea


Judea: Index

Up to Index

Society

Society: Origins

Society: People of Abraham

Society: Women

Society: Sexuality

Society: Marriage

Up to Index

Society: Family

Society: Hellenistic Judea

Culture

Culture: Literature

Religion

Religion: Judaism

Up to Index

Religion: People of the Book

People of the Book: Genesis

Religion: Prophets

Prophets: Jeremiah

Prophets: Isaiah

Judaism: Mosaic Code

Up to Index

Judaism: Jerusalem

Judaism: Temple of Jerusalem

Judaism: Texts

Texts: Hebrew Bible


Power

Power: Babylonian Captivity

Up to Index

Power: Reform

Economy


Lydia


Lydia: Index

Culture

Power


Mesopotamia


Mesopotamia: Index

Up to Index

Society: Adornment

Society: Family

Society: Food

Society: Morals


Society: Women

Culture: Architecture

Up to Index

Architecture: Temples

Culture: Education

Science and Technology: Astronomy

Science and Technology: Mathematics

Science and Technology: Medicine

Economy

Up to Index

Nations


Palestine


Palestine: Index

Society


Phoenicia


Phoenicia: Index

Society

Society: Communities

Up to Index

Culture

Religion

Economy

Economy: Industry

Economy: Trade


Phrygia


Phrygia: Index

Up to Index

Religion


Scythia


Scythia


Sumer


Sumer: Index

Society

Society: Cities


Cities: Features

Up to Index

Cities: First Cities

Society: Dress

Society: People

Society: Class

Culture

Culture: Architecture

Up to Index

Culture: Learning

Culture: Literature

Culture: Science and Technology

Culture: Spread

Culture: Writing

Culture: Legacy

Up to Index

Religion

Religion: Beliefs

Religion: Deities

Religion: Temples

Power

Power: Governance

Up to Index

Economy

Economy: Agriculture

Economy: Trade

Economy: Wealth


Syria


Syria


Up to Index

Samples


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