History of the Classical Era of Ancient Greece
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Perspective
Classical Greece existed in the 5th and 4th centuries BCE, from the fall of the last Athenian tyrant in 510 BC to the death of Alexander the Great in 323 BCE. It followed the Greek Dark Ages and Archaic period and was followed by the Hellenistic kingdoms created by Alexander. Ancient Greece gained increased freedom from the Persian Empire, and democratic Athens flourished at its the peak. But the Peloponnesian Wars and the expansion of Macedonia under Philip II kept Greece in turmoil. In terms of art, architecture, and culture, the Classical period corresponds to most of the 5th and 4th centuries BCE. Much of its early politics, artistry in architecture and sculpture, its scientific thought, its theatre and literature, and its philosophy was foundational for Western civilization, and went on to have a powerful influence on the later Roman Empire. The Classical era ended when Philip II unified the Greek world against the common enemy of the Persian Empire, which was conquered a few years later by Alexander.
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Index
Classical Era Index • Culture • Arts • Architecture: Acropolis • Attica • Temple of Zeus • Erechtheion • Lysippus of Sikyon • Mausoleum of Mausolus • Parthenon • Praxiteles • Skopas • Temples: Fourth Century • Fifth Century • Third Temple of Artemis | Reconstruction of Athens | Drama: Aeschylus: Plays | Aristophanes: Comic Drama • Plays • Radicals • Athenian Drama • Comedy • Dionysian Theatre: Acting • Audiences • Performances • Theaters | Euripides: The Philosopher • Plays A-E • Plays F – Z • Exile | Sophocles: Plays • Tragedy: Choruses | Prime Movers • Sources • Literature • Comedy • Historiography: Herodotus • Thucydides • Xenophon • Odes • Music • Dance • Instruments | Painting: Fourth Century • Polygnotus of Thasos | Philosophy • Early Philosophy: Aristotle: The Philosopher • The Teacher • The Statesman | Plato: The Academy • Beliefs • The Artist • The Lawmaker • The Metaphysicist • The Moralist • The Utopian | Socrates: The Philosopher • The Teacher • Death | Philosophy and Religion: Empedocles • Idealists • Materialists • Pythagoras • Sophism: Athens • Hippias of Elis • Protagoras • Legacy | Philosophy and Science: Archytas • Diocles • Eudoxus • Geography • Heraclides of Pontus | Pottery: Vases | Rhetoric: Athenian Orators • Isocrates: Discourses | Apex | Politicians | Sculpture: Fifth Century BCE and Older • Fourth Century | Science and Technology: Prime Movers • Astronomy: Anaxagoras | Earth Sciences | Mathematics: Arithmetic • Geometry • Medicine • Anatomy and Physiology • Hippocrates • Secular Medicine • Surgery
Classical Era: Index
Culture
Culture: Arts
Architecture
Culture: Architecture
Architecture: Acropolis
Architecture: Attica
Architecture: Temple of Zeus
Architecture: Erechtheion
Architecture: Lysippus of Sikyon
Mausoleum of Mausolus
Architecture: Parthenon
Architecture: Praxiteles
Architecture: Skopas
Architecture: Temples
Temples: Fifth Century BCE
Temples: Fourth Century BCE
Temples: Third Temple of Artemis
Architecture: Reconstruction of Athens
Drama
Culture: Drama
Drama: Aeschylus
Aeschylus: Plays
Drama: Aristophanes
Aristophanes: Comic Drama
Aristophanes: Plays
Aristophanes: Radicals
Drama: Athenian Drama
Drama: Comedy
Drama: Dionysian Theatre
Dionysian Theatre: Acting
Dionysian Theatre: Audiences
Dionysian Theatre: Performances
Dionysian Theatre: Theaters
Drama: Euripides
Euripides: The Philosopher
Euripides: Plays A – E
Euripides: Plays F – Z
Euripides: Exile
Drama: Sophocles
Sophocles: Plays
Drama: Tragedy
Tragedy: Choruses
Tragedy: Prime Movers
Tragedy: Sources
Literature
Culture: Literature
Literature: Comedy
Literature: Historiography
Historiography: Herodotus
Historiography: Thucydides
Historiography: Xenophon
Literature: Odes
Music
Culture: Music
Music: Dance
Music: Instruments
Painting
Culture: Painting
Painting: Fourth Century BCE
Painting: Polygnotus of Thasos
Philosophy
Culture: Philosophy
Philosophy: Early
Philosophy: Aristotle
Aristotle: The Philosopher
Aristotle: The Teacher
Aristotle: The Statesman
Philosophy: Plato
Plato: The Academy
Plato: Beliefs
Plato: The Artist
Plato: The Lawmaker
Plato: The Metaphysicist
Plato: The Moralist
Plato: The Utopian
Philosophy: Socrates
Socrates: The Philosopher
Socrates: The Teacher
Socrates: Death
Philosophy: Philosophy and Religion
Philosophy and Religion: Empedocles
Philosophy and Religion: Idealists
Philosophy and Religion: Materialists
Philosophy and Religion: Pythagoras
Philosophy and Religion: Sophism
Sophism: Athens
Sophism: Hippias of Elis
Sophism: Protagoras
Sophism: Legacy
Philosophy and Science
Philosophy and Science: Archytas
Philosophy and Science: Diocles
Philosophy and Science: Eudoxus
Philosophy and Science: Geography
Philosophy and Science: Heraclides of Pontus
Pottery
Culture: Pottery
Pottery: Vases
Rhetoric
Culture: Rhetoric
Rhetoric: Athenian Orators
Rhetoric: Isocrates
Isocrates: Discourses
Rhetoric: Apex
Rhetoric: Politicians
Sculpture
Culture: Sculpture
Sculpture: Fifth Century BCE and Older
Sculpture: Fourth Century BCE
Science and Technology
Culture: Science and Technology
Science and Technology: Prime Movers
Science and Technology: Astronomy
Astronomy: Anaxagoras
Science and Technology: Earth Sciences
Science and Technology: Mathematics
Mathematics: Arithmetic
Mathematics: Geometry
Science and Technology: Medicine
Medicine: Anatomy and Physiology
Medicine: Hippocrates
Medicine: Secular Medicine
Medicine: Surgery