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Perspective

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The Classical Era of ancient Greece existed in the 5th and 4th centuries BCE, from the fall of the last Athenian tyrant in 510 BC to the death of Alexander the Great in 323 BCE. It followed the Greek Dark Ages and Archaic period and was followed by the Hellenistic kingdoms created by Alexander. Ancient Greece gained increased freedom from the Persian Empire, and democratic Athens flourished at its the peak. But the Peloponnesian Wars and the expansion of Macedonia under Philip II kept Greece in turmoil. In terms of art, architecture, and culture, the Classical period corresponds to most of the 5th and 4th centuries BCE. Much of its early politics, artistry in architecture and sculpture, its scientific thought, its theatre and literature, and its philosophy was foundational for Western civilization, and went on to have a powerful influence on the later Roman Empire. The Classical era ended when Philip II unified the Greek world against the common enemy of the Persian Empire, which was conquered a few years later by Alexander.

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Index

Classical Era Index • Culture • Arts • Architecture: Acropolis • Attica • Temple of Zeus • Erechtheion • Lysippus of Sikyon • Mausoleum of Mausolus • Parthenon • Praxiteles • Skopas • Temples: Fourth Century • Fifth Century • Third Temple of Artemis | Reconstruction of Athens | Drama: Aeschylus: Plays | Aristophanes: Comic Drama • Plays • Radicals • Athenian Drama • Comedy • Dionysian Theatre: Acting • Audiences • Performances • Theaters | Euripides: The Philosopher • Plays A-E • Plays F – Z • Exile | Sophocles: Plays • Tragedy: Choruses | Prime Movers • Sources • Literature • Comedy • Historiography: Herodotus • Thucydides • Xenophon • Odes • Music • Dance • Instruments | Painting: Fourth Century • Polygnotus of Thasos | Philosophy • Early Philosophy: Aristotle: The Philosopher • The Teacher • The Statesman | Plato: The Academy • Beliefs • The Artist • The Lawmaker • The Metaphysicist • The Moralist • The Utopian | Socrates: The Philosopher • The Teacher • Death | Philosophy and Religion: Empedocles • Idealists • Materialists • Pythagoras • Sophism: Athens • Hippias of Elis • Protagoras • Legacy | Philosophy and Science: Archytas • Diocles • Eudoxus • Geography • Heraclides of Pontus | Pottery: Vases | Rhetoric: Athenian Orators • Isocrates: Discourses | Apex | Politicians | Sculpture: Fifth Century BCE and Older • Fourth Century | Science and Technology: Prime Movers • Astronomy: Anaxagoras | Earth Sciences | Mathematics: Arithmetic • Geometry • Medicine • Anatomy and Physiology • Hippocrates • Secular Medicine • Surgery

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Architecture

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Drama

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Literature

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Music

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Painting

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Philosophy

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Pottery

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Rhetoric

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Sculpture

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Science and Technology

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Samples

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